PERJANJIAN HIPOTEK KAPAL (STUDI KOMPARATIF ANTARA INDONESIA DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT)

Oleh:

Syarifah Zahra Al Haddar [1], Dr. Djoni Sumardi Gozali, S.H., M.Hum.[2]

Magister Kenotariatan, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, ...

Halaman

ABSTRAK

Kata Kunci: Hipotek Kapal, Kepastian Hukum, Perbandingan Hukum, Indonesia, Amerika Serikat

Judul penelitian ini adalah Perbandingan Pengaturan Hipotek Kapal di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat dalam Menjamin Kepastian Hukum bagi Kreditur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persamaan dan perbedaan pengaturan hipotek kapal di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat serta implikasinya terhadap kepastian hukum dan perlindungan kreditur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan hukum. Rumusan masalah pertama membahas persamaan dan perbedaan pengaturan hipotek kapal di kedua negara, meliputi dasar hukum, sistem registrasi, kedudukan kreditur, hak preferen, dan sifat hak jaminan atas kapal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua negara sama-sama mengakui kapal sebagai objek jaminan, mewajibkan pendaftaran hipotek, dan memberikan hak preferen kepada kreditur. Perbedaannya terletak pada mekanisme registrasi, pembentukan hak, dan pengaturan prioritas klaim. Indonesia mengatur hipotek kapal melalui KUHD, KUHPerdata, dan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran, sedangkan Amerika Serikat mengaturnya melalui Ship Mortgage Act dan Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens Act (CIMLA).Rumusan masalah kedua membahas perbedaan mekanisme eksekusi hipotek kapal. Indonesia mengenal eksekusi melalui pengadilan maupun parate executie, sedangkan Amerika Serikat menerapkan in rem action melalui federal admiralty court yang berakhir dengan judicial sale. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sistem Amerika Serikat memberikan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan kreditur yang lebih kuat karena didukung registrasi federal yang terintegrasi, aturan prioritas klaim yang jelas, dan mekanisme penegakan yang efektif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan sistem registrasi, pengaturan prioritas klaim, dan harmonisasi hukum maritim Indonesia dengan standar internasional.

SHIP MORTGAGES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INDONESIA AND THE UNITED STATES

By:

Syarifah Zahra Al Haddar [3], Dr. Djoni Sumardi Gozali, S.H., M.Hum.[4]

Master of Notarial Law Program, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, .... Pages

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Ship Mortgage, Legal Certainty, Legal Comparison, Indonesia, United States

The title of this research is A Comparative Analysis of Ship Mortgage Regulations in Indonesia and the United States in Ensuring Legal Certainty for Creditors. This research aims to analyze the similarities and differences between ship mortgage regulations in Indonesia and the United States and their implications for legal certainty and creditor protection. The study employs normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The first research question examines the similarities and differences in ship mortgage regulations, including legal foundations, registration systems, creditor status, preferential rights, and the nature of security interests over vessels. The findings show that both countries recognize vessels as collateral, require mortgage registration, and grant preferential rights to mortgage creditors. However, differences exist in registration procedures, the creation of mortgage rights, and claim-priority arrangements. Indonesia regulates ship mortgages through the Commercial Code, Civil Code, and Law Number 17 of 2008 on Shipping, while the United States regulates them through the Ship Mortgage Act and the Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens Act (CIMLA). The second research question examines differences in mortgage enforcement mechanisms. Indonesia allows enforcement through court proceedings and parate execution, whereas the United States applies in rem actions through federal admiralty courts culminating in judicial sales. This research concludes that the U.S. system provides greater legal certainty and stronger creditor protection due to its integrated federal registration system, clear claim-priority rules, and effective enforcement mechanisms. Therefore, Indonesia should strengthen its registration framework, refine claim-priority regulations, and harmonize its maritime laws with international standards.